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剧情介绍
初中女生礼物韩国电视剧剧情介绍:明代中后期思想的活跃,市民文艺的繁荣,科学技术的发展,与前期保守沉寂的景象形成鲜明的对比,进一步凸显出明代文化发展的不平衡性。
第四节 思想文化发展对社会的反作用
一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映。它一旦产生之后,又有相对的独立性,将对一定社会的政治和经济产生巨大的影响和作用。明代的思想文化也是如此,它既是明代社会的政治和经济的反映,同时又给予巨大影响和作用于明代社会的政治和经济。
首先,科学技术的进步,推动了社会经济的发展。
明代特别是其中后期,科学技术取得长足的进步,从而有力地推动了农业、手工业和商业的发展。例如农业生产技术,人们经过长期的实践,已知七种“榨油枯饼”(油饼肥)的不同肥效,认识到芝麻籽饼、萝卜籽饼最好,油菜仔饼差些,油桐籽饼又稍差,而以樟树籽饼、乌桕籽饼和棉籽饼最差[52],得出的结论与现代科学分析大致符合。并懂得使用磷肥,认为“凡土性带冷浆者,宜骨灰蘸秧根(凡禽兽骨),石灰淹苗足”[53]。还懂得使用砒霜拌种,“陕、洛之间,(小麦播种后)忧虫蚀者,或以砒霜拌种子”[54],以杀虫防害。这对粮食产量的提高,产生了重大的作用。再如手工业生产技术,陶瓷的生产在继承前代装饰艺术的基础上,又大量兴起用笔画彩的方法,发展出著名的“斗彩”和“五彩”,生产大量精美的“彩瓷”而远销国内外。矿冶方面,明中后期在采煤中发明了排除瓦斯和支撑巷道顶部防止发生事故的办法,在钢铁生产中使用装有活塞、活门的鼓风装置,实现冶炼生铁的半连续性,并发明灌钢冶炼技术,使钢铁和煤炭的产量大幅度提高。纺织业方面,不仅络丝、牵经、治纬和开织等工具和操作技术多有不同程度的发展,使丝织品更为精美,而且在北直隶肃宁还发明挖窖盖屋以“就湿气纺织”的方法,解决了北方因天气干燥而出现的断纱难题,能织出“细密几与松(江)之中品埒矣”[55]的棉布,使该县的棉布产量在几年之间就达到松江布匹产量的1/10,使棉纺织业迅速向北方发展。造船航海方面,明代造船技术的发达,“牵星板”、水罗经等导航设备的先进以及驶风技术的高超,为郑和下西洋和明中后期私人海外贸易的兴起提供了必要的条件。此外,园林建筑艺术的发展,又促进了花卉栽培和园艺式农业经营的成长,并产生了“花园子”、“石农”之类的专业户,从而推动了商品经济的发展。印刷技术的发达,则促进了刻书业的繁荣,除了印制士大夫科举需要的经史窗稿外,还大量刊刻广大市民工商业者需要的书籍。其中,小说、戏曲之类的书籍有利于提高工商业者的文化素养,而一系列与工商业经营管理密切相关的百科全书式的著作,如《士商必要》、《新刻天下四民全览三台万用正宗》、《燕台校正天下通行文林聚宝万卷星罗》、《十二方家万事不求人博考全书》、《明本大字应用碎金》、《博闻胜览考实全书》、《四民全览东学珠玑》、《分门定类今古名贤尺素文海奇声》、《新镌赤心子汇编四民利观翰府锦书》、《四民便用积玉全书》、《新镌士商要览》、《新安原板士商类要》等,则对推动工商业的发展起着重要的作用。
相关影视:初中女生礼物韩国电视剧
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